Key Concepts
1.	Effects of Temperature on Nafion Dryers
2.	Compounds Removed by Nafion Dryers
3.	Sulfuric Acid in Gas Samples
4.	Drying Technology: Micro-porous vs. Nafion
5.	Nafion: Physical and Chemical Properties
6.	Tap Water and the Ion Exchange Properties of Nafion
7.	The Acidity of Nafion
8.	Formaldehyde permeation through Nafion
Customer Applications
1.	Solving the problem of low level NOx measurement in a hot wet sample stream
2.	Pharmaceutical facility gets "green" light with gas analysis sampling system
3.	Comparison of SO2 Losses in Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems
4.	EPA Approval of Nafion gas dryers for Method TO-14A  (Page 11, Section 6-3)
5.	Study of Nafion dryer as a desolvation device for MPT-AES
6.	EPA Approval of Nafion gas dryers for Method 245.7, Mercury measurement
7.	Mercury Speciation using the Millennium Merlin Speciation System (PS Analytical App note 053)
8.	Cetac Technologies M-4000 Absorption based Mercury Analyzer
9.	VOC Monitoring of CerOx System (Spectrex Corporation)
10.	Advantages of Real Time On-Line Mercury Monitoring, EPA 245.7 (Frontier Geosciences)
11.	Dekati, Complete Ambient Air Sampling System
12.	Tekran's Ultra-Trace Mercury Analysis
13.	Automatic the digestion and determination of mercury in a variety of environmental sample matrices, Leeman Labs, March 2002
14.	SELEV (Program for the Study of Extremely-Low-Emission Vehicles) Honda, Update, April 2002
15.	Hydra-GC system allows the analysis of Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotopes by GC-pyrolysis-IRMS (PDZ Europa)
16.	Universal sample gas dryer (Columbus Instruments)
17.	Gas Sensor Calibration (Int'l Sensor Technology)
18.	Stack Gas Monitoring (Interscan)
19.	Developments on Continuous Fine Particle Mass Monitoring: Sample Equilibrium and differential particle sampling: NY State Energy R&D Authority and R&P, Oct 2003
Technical Reprints (The following copyrighted articles are available through the mail. Click on the number of the desired reprint and provide your street address and the reprint will be mailed.)
Infrared Spectroscopy
1001	Discusses selectivity of Nafion dryers, with table of compounds Measuring Trace Impurities in Air by Infrared Spectroscopy at 20 Meters Path and 10 Atmospheres Pressure; D. Baker, Jr., DuPont Experimental Station, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 835 (Nov. 1974)
Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy
2001	Discusses drying prior to cryogenic pre-concentration for GC Measuring VOCs for the Study of Atmospheric Processes; H.J.Th. Bloemen Et al, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, International Laboratory (Sept. 1990)
2002	Discusses drying prior to cryogenic pre-concentration for GC Enhanced Performance of Nafion Dryers in Removing Water From Air Samples Prior to Gas Chromatographic Analysis; W. McClenny et al, U.S. EPA, JAPCA 37: 244 (1987).
2003	Discusses drying prior to cryogenic pre-concentration for GC Selective Water Removal in Purge/GC Analysis of Volatile Aromatics in Aqueous Samples; J. Cochran, Northrop Services, Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 10:573 (1987).
2004	Discusses drying prior to cryogenic pre-concentration for GC A Rapid, Selective Method for the Analysis of Halogenated Gases in Water; J. Cochran, Northrop Services, Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11: 663 (1988).
2005	Discusses drying prior to cryogenic pre-concentration for GC Determination of Trace Level Organics in Ambient Air by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography with Simultaneous Photoionization and Flame Ionization Detection; R, Cox & R. Earp, Radian Corp., Anal. Chem. 54: 2265 (1982).
2006	Discusses drying prior to cryogenic pre-concentration for GC Automatic Gas Chromatographic Monitor for the Determination of Parts-per-Billion Levels of Bis(chloromethyl)Ether; L. Frankel & R. Black, Rohm and Haas Co., Anal. Chem. 48: 732 (1976).
2007	Discusses direct injection of liquid water samples, then drying An Alternative Method for Gas Chromatographic Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water; R. Coutant & G. Keigley, Battelle Memorial Institute, Anal. Chem. 60: 2536 (1988).
2008	Discusses pre-drying prior to cryogenic drying for GC/MS Determination of Part-per Trillion Levels of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide by Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; A. Bandy et al, Drexel University, Anal. Chem. 59: 1196 (1987).
2009	Discusses cooling dryer to reach extremely low dew points Efficiency and Temperature Dependence of Water Removal by Membrane Dryers; K. Leckrone & J. Hayes, Indiana University, Anal. Chem. 69: No. 5, 911 (March, 1997).
2010	Discusses drying gases without loss of chlorine or hydrogen chloride Developments in Abatement Tool Characterization: Continuous, In-Line RGA Analysis of Chlorinated Gases in Moisture Saturated Conditions; J. Arno, ATMI-Eco-Sys Corp., Semiconductor Fabtech (1997).
2011	Discusses drying gases without loss of semiconductor acid gases In-Line Analysis of Acid Gases in Water Vapor Saturated Environments; J. Arno, ATMI-EcoSys Corp, Presentation at SEMICON Southwest97 (October, 1997).
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
3001	Discusses sample conditioning systems for CEMS Design and Operation of a Sampling Interface for Continuous Source Monitors; A. Wyss & B. Stroud, ITT Inc., Presentation at 70th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association (June 1977).
3002	Discusses dryer performance with sulfur compound in stack gas Evaluation of the Perma Pure Dryer for Drying Stack Gases; F. Cassidy, Exxon Research and Engineering Co., AID (Aug. 1974).
3003	Compares Nafion dryer to desiccant dryers for CO, CO2, and H2 (pdf available) Testing of a New Dryer for Top Gas Analysis; M. Bayewitz et al, Bethlehem Steel, Evaluation Report #1004-16 (Aug. 1974).
3004	Compares Nafion dryer to other dryers for NOx monitoring Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Study of NO and NO2 Emissions for Methanol, Iso-Octane, and Nitrogen Doped Methanol with Emphasis on Measurement Technique; J. Bateman & R. Klemm, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Contract Report #23549 (Nov. 1977)
3005	See Application note 2 - Discusses sample conditioning for HCl monitoring
3006	Discusses sample conditioning for HCl monitoring TÜV Report on Servomex Flue Gas Sampling System; Institute for Environmental Protection, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Air Quality Control Department, Rheinisch-Westfälischer Technischer Überwachungs-Verein e.V. (October 1991)
3007	Discusses sample conditioning for SO2 monitoring Comparison of Thermoelectric and Permeation Dryers for Sulfur Dioxide Removal During Sample Conditioning of Wet Gas Streams; T. Dunder, Entropy, & D. Leighty, Perma Pure, Presentation at Air & Waste Management Association 90th Annual Meeting, (June 1997).
3008	Discusses drying gases without loss of small particles (PM10, PM 2.5) Development of a Real-Time Monitor for Volatile Fine Particulate Matter; F. Obeidi & D. Eatough, Brigham Young University, Presentation at Air & Waste Management Association 90th Annual Meeting (June 1997).
3009	Discusses drying air samples without loss of particulates Integrated and Real-time Diffusion Denuder Samplers for PM2.5, Based on BOSS, PC and TEOM technology; D. Eatough, F. Obeidi, Y. Pang and Y. Ding, Bringham Young University, N. Eatough, California Polytechnic State University, and W. Wilson, US Environmental Protection Agency, Atmos, Environ. (Draft, October, 1997
3010	Discusses drying air samples without loss of particulates Characterization of 0.02µm to 1.0µm Particle Losses in Perma Pure Dryers: Dependence on Size, Charge, and Relative Humidity; W. Dick, P. Huang, and P. McMurry, University of Minnesota, Particle Technology Laboratory N. 936 (February, 1995).
3011	See Application note 3 - Discusses sample conditioning for SO2 monitoring
3012	Discusses problems in monitoring low SO2 and NOx levels RECLAIM Drives Analytical Monitoring Upgrades; D. Podkulski and R. Junge, Chevron Products Company, InTech (August 1997)
3013	Discusses problems in monitoring low NOx levels Low NOx Measurement: Gas Turbine Plants: Final Report on Review of Current Measuring and Monitoring Practices; Vaught Engineering Inc., Scottsdale, AZ (January 1999).
3014	Discusses gas appliance sampling Guidelines for Measuring Emissions from Vented Gas Appliances, Vol. 1: Sampling and Analysis Fundamentals; R.E. Barrett, Battelle, Columbus, OH (August 1993)
3015	Discusses measuring on-road emissions at ULEV levels and below Development of an On-Board Analyzer for use on Advanced Low Emission Vehicles; J. Jetter, Shinji Maeshiro, Honda R&D Americas, Inc, S. Hatcho, Honda R&D Co Ltd, R Klebba Nicolet Instrument Corp, Society of Automotive Engineers, Emission Measurement and Testing (March, 2000)
Other
4001	Discusses sample preconcentration for AA Flow Injection Donnan Dialysis Preconcentration of Cations for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry; J. Koropchak & L. Allen, Southern Illinois University, (March 1989).
4002	Discusses sample preconcentration for ICP Flow Injection Donnan Dialysis Preconcentration of Trace Metal Cations for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry; J. Koropchak et al, Southern Illinois University, Anal. Chem. 65: 859 (1993).
4003	Discusses drying volatile metal hydrides and mercury vapor for AA The Use of Nafion Dryer Tubes for Moisture Removal in Flow Injection Chemical Vapor Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; J. Tyson et al, University of Massachusetts, Spectrochimica Acta Part B.
4004	Discusses concentrating liquid reagent during addition Flow Injection Reagent Introduction by Supported Liquid and Nafion Membranes: Determination of Phosphate; J. Tyson et al, University of Massachusetts, Talanta 41: 1797 (1994).
4005	Discusses counter-ion substitution to suppress interferences Elimination of Matrix Interferences in Ion Chromatographic Analysis of Difficult Aqueous Samples; W. Jones & P. Jandik, Waters Div. of Millipore, Journal of Chromatographic Science 27: 449 (1989).
4006	Discusses drying aerosol sample prior to introduction into ICP Use of a multi-tube Nafion membrane dryer for desolvation with thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry; Jinfu Yang, Timothy S. Conver, John A. Koropchak, David A. Leighty, Spectrochimica Acta Part B 51 1491-1503 (1996).
4007	Discusses drying mercury vapor for AFS Considerations for a Reduced-Level Mercury Laboratory and Determination of Ultratrace Level Total Mercury in Water by Atomic Fluorescence Detection: Part I; J. Scifres, M. Wasko, & W. McDaniel, U.S. EPA, American Laboratory 34 (May 1995).
4008	Discusses drying aerosol sample prior to introduction into ICP-MS Reduction of Water Loading Effects in Inductively Coupled Plasma, Mass Spectrometry by a Nafion® Membrane Dryer Device; Neil Fitzgerald, Julian F. Tyson, and David A. Leighty, University of Massachusetts, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 13:13 (January 1998).
4009	Discusses drying aerosol sample prior to introduction into ICP Elimination of Nitric Acid Interference in CP-AES by Using a Cyclonic Spray Chamber/Nafion Membrane- based Desolvation System; Antonio Canals, Luis Gras, and Humberto Contreras, University of  Alicante, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 17, 219-226 (2002)